Prelim Question 4

1. List down the ethics for computer usage.
ANSWER:
he Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics are a code of behavior for users and developers of information technology. It was developed by the Computer Ethics Insitute (Washington, DC) and written by its president, Dr. Ramon C. Barquin as part of a keynote speech he delivered at the 1991 National Computer Ethics Conference at the Brookings Institution.

Computer ethics is a branch of practical philosophy which deals with how computing professionals should make decisions regarding professional and social conduct. The term "computer ethics" was first coined by Walter Maner in the mid-1970s, but only since the 1990s has it started being integrated into professional development programs in academic settings. The conceptual foundations of computer ethics are investigated by information ethics, a branch of philosophical ethics established by Luciano Floridi. Computer ethics is a very important topic in computer applications.

The importance of computer ethics increased through the 1990s. With the growth of the Internet, privacy issues as well as concerns regarding computing technologies such as spyware and web browser cookies have called into question ethical behavior in technology.

2. What common forms of ethic violations happen in the internet and in the organization?
ANSWER:

What surprises me  about online research is not  that there have
been so many  egregious violations of ethical  principles,  but that
there have been so  few.   There has been no lack  of commentary on
computer ethics and Internet (Net) behavior in general (e.g., Forester
and Morrison, 1990;  Stoll, 1995) or Net research ethics in particular
(King, 1996; Waskul, 1996).  Problems have been identified, solutions
proposed,  and the gravity of and rationale for appropriate behaviors
debated in  the context of  the standards  of this or  that ethical
perspective.   Yet, debates do not subside,  and scholars and others
continue to  look for  ways to maintain  the ethical  integrity of
research and other Net activity.

  Rather than debate philosophical issues of ethics and justice and
attempt to  establish explicit unambiguous  ethical rules  from the
top-down, we first might take a step back and examine the problem from
the ground up.   In this paper,  I offer an  exploratory account of
selected issues as  seen from the trenches.   My  premise is rather
simple:   Precise ethical precepts tend to be of little help to those
immersed in  Net and  other potentially  risky research,   and who
simultaneously also may be responsible for teaching research ethics to
students and others.    I argue that we need not  invent new ethical
rules for online research.  We need only increase our awareness of and
commitment to established ethical principles.

3. How does ethics affect the decision making of mangers?
ANSWER:Organizations are paying more attention to ethics. People actually talk about ethics. But are our organizations--and are we--behaving more ethically? As our expectations about the ethical behavior of politicians have plummeted, have our expectations about the ethical behavior of organizations risen?

I invite you to listen in on the thoughtful conversation of six academic and organizational ethicists, convened last summer by ASAE's Ethics Committee to generate a discussion about ethics as it unfolds in our work lives. (See sidebar, "Fueling the Discussion.") Committee Chairman David J. Noonan, deputy executive vice president, American Academy of Ophthalmology, San Francisco, guided the exploration.

Such dialogues have to begin with agreed-upon understandings of what is meant by ethics, organizational ethics, and universal ethical principles. Even at that broad level, it's easy to apply the discussion to a workplace context--for instance, are we treating members fairly if we give privileges to some and not others? How do organizations communicate their values, and what is the association role in helping organizations create ethical environments? What role do associations have in teaching children about ethics in business?

The questions drive this dialogue into some tough territories. Tough because, as one participant observed, "All of us struggle daily with temptations to do things that we ought not to do." And tough because questions may lead to more questions before suggesting answers. But tough can also be enlightening, propelling us to pay attention to these important issues.

In next month's ASSOCIATION MANAGEMENT the dialogue continues with insights about how the voice of ethical standards can be present in an organization and how new technologies have a way of bringing new challenges to workplace ethics. Part II will also include a select bibliography of ethics resources.
-Ann I. Mahoney, CAE, Editor in Chief
Cite a company which experienced legal or social conflicts because of its violation of ethics. You may check as example the problem of pre-need insurance companies in the Philippines.

Organizations are paying more attention to ethics. People actually talk about ethics. But are our organizations--and are we--behaving more ethically? As our expectations about the ethical behavior of politicians have plummeted, have our expectations about the ethical behavior of organizations risen?

I invite you to listen in on the thoughtful conversation of six academic and organizational ethicists, convened last summer by ASAE's Ethics Committee to generate a discussion about ethics as it unfolds in our work lives. (See sidebar, "Fueling the Discussion.") Committee Chairman David J. Noonan, deputy executive vice president, American Academy of Ophthalmology, San Francisco, guided the exploration.

Such dialogues have to begin with agreed-upon understandings of what is meant by ethics, organizational ethics, and universal ethical principles. Even at that broad level, it's easy to apply the discussion to a workplace context--for instance, are we treating members fairly if we give privileges to some and not others? How do organizations communicate their values, and what is the association role in helping organizations create ethical environments? What role do associations have in teaching children about ethics in business?

The questions drive this dialogue into some tough territories. Tough because, as one participant observed, "All of us struggle daily with temptations to do things that we ought not to do." And tough because questions may lead to more questions before suggesting answers. But tough can also be enlightening, propelling us to pay attention to these important issues.

In next month's ASSOCIATION MANAGEMENT the dialogue continues with insights about how the voice of ethical standards can be present in an organization and how new technologies have a way of bringing new challenges to workplace ethics. Part II will also include a select bibliography of ethics resources.
-Ann I. Mahoney, CAE, Editor in Chief
4.Cite a company which experienced legal or social conflicts because of its violation of ethics. You may check as example the problem of pre-need insurance companies in the Philippines.
ANSWER:
WORLD BANK URGES EFFECTIVE ANTI-CORRUPTION MEASURES An explicit and credible corruption strategy, transparency, and good governance are essential for countries seeking a competitive advantage as Asia recovers from the economic crisis, according to a recent World Bank study. The country meets many preconditions for a successful anti-corruption campaign; however, very large amounts of public funds are lost to political and bureaucratic corruption. The World Bank recommended the following approach to fight corruption: policy reforms and deregulation, reforming campaign finance, increasing public oversight, reforming budget processes, improving meritocracy in the civil service, targeting selected departments and agencies, enhancing sanctions against corruption, developing partnerships with the private sector, and supporting judicial reform. (Yahoo News (Asia Pulse), Apr 6, 2001, summary by Marg Reynolds).

Prelims Question 3

1. Identify and describe information systems (IS) used in each level.

ANSWER:

Computer-based or manual system that transforms data into information useful in the support of decision making. MIS can be classified as performing three functions:
(1) To generate reports-for example, financial statements, inventory status reports, or performance reports needed for routine or non-routine purposes.
(2) To answer what-if questions asked by management. For example, questions such as "What would happen to cash flow if the company changes its credit term for its customers?" can be answered by MIS. This type of MIS can be called Simulation.
(3) To support decision making. This type of MIS is appropriately called Decision Support System (DSS). DSS attempts to integrate the decision maker, the data base, and the quantitative models being used.

2. How do these IS help the employees and managers achieve their objectives.

ANSWER:Management by Objectives (MBO) is a process in which a manager and an employee agree upon a set of specific performance goals, or objectives, and jointly develop a plan for reaching them. The objectives must be clear and achievable, and the plan must include a time frame and evaluation criteria. For example, a salesperson might set a goal of increasing customer orders by 15 percent in dollar terms over the course of a year.
MBO is primarily used as a tool for strategic planning, employee motivation, and performance enhancement. It is intended to improve communication between employees and management, increase employee understanding of company goals, focus employee efforts upon organizational objectives, and provide a concrete link between pay and performance. An important factor in an MBO system is its emphasis on the results achieved by employees rather than the activities performed in their jobs.

3. Cite a local or national company that makes use of these IS and identify the benefits and drawbacks/lapses of these IS.

ANSWER:One of the most interesting changes in business practices is telecommuting, namely doing work in places other than the corporate offices. The extent of telecommuting has been on the rise during the 1990s and it is expected to rise rapidly during the next few years. A major driving force in the spread of telecommuting is the increased availability of cost-effective supportive information technologies. The tasks performed by telecommuters are expanding. While the early telecommuters performed repeated transactions (such as processing insurance claims at home), today's telecommuters can perform at home, or on the road, almost any task that they do at the office. Thus, their information needs have been changed. This paper examines the various tasks performed by telecommuters and surveys the major supporting information technologies. Special attention is given to electronic mail, accessibility to databases and networks, desk top teleconferencing, personal digital assistants (PDAs), screen sharing, workflow systems, idea generation, and distributed group decision making. Also, Lotus Notes is viewed as a major computing environment that will facilitate telecommuting. Technological developments in an integrated services digital network (ISDN), an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), wireless communication, and local area network (LAN) connectivity will have a major impact on the growth of telecommuting and so will the resolution of managerial issues such as appropriate controls and security, cost-benefit justification, training and ownership and maintenance of the necessary equipment at home.

Prelim Question # 2

An organization may adopt a closed-system or open-system model. Answer the following:

1. Discuss the pro's and con's of each model.

Answer:
Pros and cons: These salary models are essentially worry-free for young physicians, so they offer a sense of security. But without the bonus component, which is usually based on the group’s total earnings, they offer little long-term financial incentive if there is no “ownership track,” and may ultimately either discourage entrepreneurship or support minimum-effort work standards.

2. Cite a company that uses any of this model. Describe briefly how this chosen model affect the entire company.

3. Evaluate how an environment affects the organization and its management. Discuss the pro's and con's of not responding to the demands of the environment.

Answer:Beginning with the first yearend on or after November 15, 2004, many companies will have to comply with the internal control reporting requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The control environment is one of the key components of an entity's internal control; it sets the tone of an entity, influences the control consciousness of people within all organization and is the foundation for all other components of the internal control system. In this article management and independent auditors will find some suggestions for addressing one of the most challenging requirements of assessing internal control: evaluating the effectiveness of the control environment. Management has always been responsible for the design and maintenance of the company's internal control. Now, because of Sarbanes-Oxley, management has the added responsibility to annually evaluate, test and report on the entity's internal control over financial reporting. The external auditors are responsible for auditing management's assertion as to the effectiveness of this internal control and coming to their own, independent conclusions. They must evaluate management's assessment and perform their own, independent tests of controls, including the control environment. Thus, the suggestions provided in this article on testing the control environment may be helpful to management and auditors alike. As opposed to an activity-level control (for example, checking the mathematical accuracy of a vendor invoice), which is limited to one processing stream, the control environment has a pervasive structure that affects many business activities.

Prelims Question # 1

Questions: 1. How do you perceive the importance of information as a source of the company?

Worldscope, the premier global corporate financial database. The Worldscope Database is the financial industry's premier source of detailed financial statement data on publicly traded companies worldwide. The Database contains data obtained from primary source documents, such as Annual and Interim Reports. The research reports delivered through CorporateInformation.com are developed from data contained in the Worldscope Database


http://www.corporateinformation.com/About-CorporateInformation.aspx

2. Cite a company, its nature. Describe how the company information from its environment impress its management and business as a whole?

In today’s business world, the competitive among company is very high. To make customer impress, the company needs to make themselves standing out from others. Being environmental friendly is one way to differentiate them from the competitors. Furthermore, when competitors already adopted GSCM, the company gets a pressure instead. Therefore, it is a good idea to implement GSCM no matter the competitors have adopted it or not. Not only competitors, but do customers affect to the company’s decision to adopt the GSCM. In many cases, customers were the one who require special treatment or special products. Therefore, the company needs to make changes to make them satisfy and stay with them. Some papers studied about the relationship between applying GSCM with customer’s requirement such as (Simpson, Power, & Samson, 2007). In this study, they explored the moderating impact of relationship between a customer and its suppliers and effectiveness of customer’s environmental performance requirements.

http://www.tech.purdue.edu/it/GreenSupplyChainManagement.cfm
Lori John Uy